TLR9 2848 G/A Gene Polymorphism in HCV+, HIV+, and HCV+/HIV+ Individuals.

Background: Host genetic factors play a major role with respect to susceptibility to infections. Many polymorphisms of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), members of the innate immune response, are directly associated with the clinical outcomes following infection. The 2848 G/A variant (rs352140) of the TLR9 gene is associated with increased TLR9 expression. However, the impact of the genotypes of this SNP on HIV+, HCV+, and HCV+/HIV+ individuals is still debated. Materials and Methods: This study investigated the 2848 G/A polymorphism in HCV infection, HIV infection, and HCV/HIV co-infection in a large sample of Brazilians (n = 1,182). Groups were initially compared without considering stratification by ethnicity and subsequently stratifying individuals between whites and non-whites. Results: Considering non-white individuals, a significant difference between the HIV+/HCV+ group and controls was observed with the GG genotype serving as a protective factor (p = 0.023). Additionally, significant allelic differences were observed between the HCV+ group and controls (p = 0.042); between the HIV+/HCV+ group and controls (p = 0.011); and between the HIV+/HCV+ group and HIV+ individuals (p = 0.047). However, all significant results were lost following adjustment for multiple comparisons (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Although our initial results indicated a potential influence of the rs352140 genotype on host altered susceptibility to viral infections, following correction for multiple comparisions the standard (p < 0.05) for statistical association was lost. This may be due to insufficient sample size as we were examining many different associations. Thus, a larger study is warranted to further pursue this topic.

Hospital quality indicators: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper is to identify and describe hospital quality indicators, classifying them according to Donabedian's structure, process and outcome model and in specific domains (quality, safety, infection and mortality) in two care divisions: inpatient and emergency services. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: A systematic review identified hospital clinical indicators. Two independent investigators evaluated 70 articles/documents located in electronic databases and nine documents from the grey literature, 35 were included in the systematic review. FINDINGS: In total, 248 hospital-based indicators were classified as infection, safety, quality and mortality domains. Only 10.2 percent were identified in more than one article/document and 47 percent showed how they were calculated/obtained. Although there are scientific papers on developing, validating and hospital indicator assessment, most indicators were obtained from technical reports, government publications or health professional associations. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS: This review identified several hospital structure, process and outcome quality indicators, which are used by different national and international groups in both research and clinical practice. Comparing performance between healthcare organizations was difficult. Common clinical care standard indicators used by different networks, programs and institutions are essential to hospital quality benchmarking. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: To the authors' knowledge, this is the first systematic review to identify and describe hospital quality indicators after a comprehensive search in MEDLINE/PubMed, etc., and the grey literature, aiming to identify as many indicators as possible. Few studies evaluate the indicators, and most are found only in the grey literature, and have been published mostly by government agencies. Documents published in scientific journals usually refer to a specific indicator or to constructing an indicator. However, indicators most commonly found are not supported by reliability or validity studies.

CCR5Δ32 in HCV infection, HCV/HIV co-infection, and HCV-related diseases.

Although a potential involvement of the CCR5Δ32 variant has already been suggested in relation to susceptibility to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, data from the literature is still quite controversial. Thus, our study evaluated the influence of the CCR5Δ32 allele variant in HCV infection, HCV/HIV co-infection, and HCV-related diseases in individuals from southern Brazil. A total of 1352 individuals were included in this study, divided into the following groups: Control (n = 274); HCV+ (n = 674); HIV+ (n = 300); HCV+/HIV+ (n = 104). Individuals from the HCV+ group were further stratified according to clinical/histological criteria, as HCV+/control (n = 124); HCV+/fibrosis (n = 268); HCV+/cirrhosis (n = 190); HCV+/hepatocarcinoma (n = 92). Considering all individuals included in this study, the following genotype frequencies were observed: wild-type homozygous (wt/wt), 88.76%; heterozygous (wt/Δ32), 10.72%; variant homozygous (Δ32/Δ32), 0.52%. Genotypic frequencies were very similar between the groups. Of note, the frequency of the Δ32 homozygous was quite similar comparing control uninfected against the HCV+ individuals (p > 0.999). The overall Δ32 allele frequency was estimated at 5.88%. Considering the number of Δ32 allele carriers and non-carriers, no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) between the groups were observed, suggesting that the CCR5Δ32 variant does not influence the susceptibility to HCV infection, HCV/HIV co-infection, or HCV-related diseases in individuals from southern Brazil.

Endosomal toll-like receptor gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to HIV and HCV co-infection - Differential influence in individuals with distinct ethnic background.

The genetic background of human populations can influence the susceptibility and outcome of infection diseases. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been previously associated with susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, disease progression and hepatitis C, virus (HCV) co-infection in different populations, although mostly in Europeans. In this study, we investigated the genetic role of endosomal TLRs on susceptibility to HIV infection and HCV co-infection through the analysis of TLR7 rs179008, TLR8 rs3764880, TLR9 rs5743836 and TLR9 rs352140 polymorphisms in 789 Brazilian individuals (374 HIV+ and 415 HIV-), taking into account their ethnic background. Amongst the 357 HIV+ individuals with available data concerning HCV infection, 98 were positive. In European descendants, the TLR9 rs5743836 C carriers displayed a higher susceptibility to HIV infection [dominant, Odds Ratio (OR)=1.53; 95% CI: 1.05-2.23; P=0.027]. In African descendants, TLR9 rs5743836 CT genotype was associated with protection to HIV infection (codominant, OR=0.51; 95% CI: 0.30-0.87; P=0.013). Also, the TLR9 rs352140 AA variant genotype was associated with susceptibility to HIV+/HCV+ co-infection in African descendants (recessive, OR=2.92; 95% CI: 1.22-6.98, P=0.016). These results are discussed in the context of the different ethnic background of the studied individuals highlighting the influence of this genetic/ethnic background on the susceptibility to HIV infection and HIV/HCV co-infection in Brazilian individuals.

Effectiveness of multidisciplinary intervention on blood pressure control in primary health care: a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension is a public health problem and a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness of a multidisciplinary program based on group and individual care versus group-only care, to promote blood pressure control in hypertensive patients in primary health care. METHODS: Randomized controlled clinical trial. The study was conducted within the primary health care, in two units of the Family Health Strategy, covering 11,000 individuals, in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Two hundred and 56 patients, older than 40 years old and with uncontrolled hypertension, systolic blood pressure (BP) ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg or ≥130 mmHg and/or diastolic BP ≥80 mmHg for individuals with diabetes. Eligible patients were randomly assigned to a health care program aiming for blood pressure control, with the multidisciplinary program group or with the multidisciplinary program plus personalized care group. Primary outcome measures were reduction in systolic BP from baseline to 6 months. Secondary measures included proportion of patients with systolic or diastolic BP controlled. Student t test, Pearson's chi-squared test, Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcoxon signed-ranks test and generalized estimating equation (GEE) model were used in the analysis. RESULTS: The baseline characteristics of participants were similar between groups. After 6 months of follow-up, systolic BP decreased markedly in both groups (Δ - 11.8 mmHg [SD, 20.2] in the multidisciplinary program group and Δ - 12.9 mmHg [SD, 19.2] in the personalized care group; p < 0.001). Similarly, we noted a significant change in diastolic BP over time in both groups (Δ - 8.1 mmHg [SD, 10.8] in the multidisciplinary program group and Δ - 7.0 mmHg [SD, 11.5] in the personalized care group; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrates similar effectiveness of a group intervention in comparison to a personalized education program in hypertension patients to achieve BP control. These findings indicate that the intervention can be for all hypertensive patients assisted in primary health care. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT01696318 (May 2013).

Effectiveness of pharmaceutical care at discharge in the emergency department: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Patient education on pharmacological therapy may increase medication adherence and decrease hospitalizations. Our aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of pharmaceutical care at emergency department discharge in patients with hypertension and/or diabetes. METHODS/DESIGN: This is a randomized controlled trial. Participants will be recruited from a public emergency department at Restinga district in Porto Alegre, southern Brazil. A total of 380 patients will be randomly assigned into 2 groups at the moment of emergency department discharge after receiving medical orientations: an intervention group, consisting of a structured individual counseling session by a pharmacist in addition to written orientations, or a control group, consisting only of written information about the disease. Outcomes will be assessed in an ambulatory visit 2 months after the randomization. The primary outcome is the proportion of patients with high medication adherence assessed using the Morisky-Green Test and the Brief Medication Questionnaire. The secondary outcomes are reduction of blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin, fasting plasma glucose, quality of life and number of visits to the emergency department. DISCUSSION: Pharmaceutical care interventions have shown to be feasible and effective in increasing medication adherence in both hospital outpatient and community pharmacy settings. However, there have been no previous assessments of the effectiveness of pharmacy care interventions initiated in patients discharged from emergency departments. Our hypothesis is that pharmaceutical counseling is also effective in this population. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov registration number: NCT01978925 (11 November 2013) and Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials U1111-1149-8922 (5 November 2013).

Influence of HLA-G polymorphisms in human immunodeficiency virus infection and hepatitis C virus co-infection in Brazilian and Italian individuals.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the role of Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-G in the susceptibility to HIV-1 infection through the analysis of the HLA-G 3' untranslated region (UTR) polymorphisms 14 bp insertion/deletion (rs66554220) and +3142C>G (rs1063320). DESIGN: We analyzed 582 HIV-1 infected patients and 626 uninfected individuals from Brazil and Italy in a case-control study. METHODS: HLA-G polymorphisms were genotyped using PCR, PCR-RFLP assays or direct sequencing. All analyses were stratified by ethnicity. Genotypic, allelic and diplotypic frequencies were compared between HIV-1 infected subjects and controls using Chi-square or Fischer exact tests. Also, haplotypic frequencies were estimated using MLocus software. RESULTS: African-derived HIV-infected individuals presented a higher frequency of the 14 bp insertion allele as compared to non-infected individuals (0.468 versus 0.373, respectively; p(Bonf) = 0.010). A higher frequency of the 14 bp insertion +3142G (insG) haplotype (0.456 versus 0.346, p<0.001) and the insG/insG diplotype (OR=1.88, 95%CI = 1.08-3.23, p=0.021) was observed among African-derived patients as compared to uninfected controls. Also, we observed a higher frequency of the ins/ins genotype among African-derived HIV patients co-infected with HCV (OR=2.78, 95%CI = 1.20-6.49, p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Our data point out to an increased frequency of alleles and genotypes associated with low HLA-G expression among African-derived patients, suggesting a potential role for HLA-G in the susceptibility to HIV-1 infection and HCV co-infection in those individuals.

Genetic markers associated to dyslipidemia in HIV-infected individuals on HAART.

This study evaluated the impact of 9 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 6 candidate genes (APOB, APOA5, APOE, APOC3, SCAP, and LDLR) over dyslipidemia in HIV-infected patients on stable antiretroviral therapy (ART) with undetectable viral loads. Blood samples were collected from 614 patients at reference services in the cities of Porto Alegre, Pelotas, and Rio Grande in Brazil. The SNPs were genotyped by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR. The prevalence of dyslipidemia was particularly high among the protease inhibitors-treated patients (79%). APOE (rs429358 and rs7412) genotypes and APOA5 -1131T>C (rs662799) were associated with plasma triglycerides (TG) and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol levels (LDL-C). The APOA5 -1131T>C (rs662799) and SCAP 2386A>G (rs12487736) polymorphisms were significantly associated with high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The mean values of the total cholesterol and LDL-C levels were associated with both the APOB SP Ins/Del (rs17240441) and APOB XbaI (rs693) polymorphisms. In conclusion, our data support the importance of genetic factors in the determination of lipid levels in HIV-infected individuals. Due to the relatively high number of carriers of these risk variants, studies to verify treatment implications of genotyping before HAART initiation may be advisable to guide the selection of an appropriate antiretroviral therapy regimen.

Dietary intervention prevents dyslipidemia associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals: a randomized trial.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of dietary intervention on blood lipids of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-infected patients who are started on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). BACKGROUND: Current guidelines recommend diet as first-step intervention for HIV-1-infected individuals with HAART-related dyslipidemia, but there is no evidence from randomized trials to support this recommendation. METHODS: Eighty-three HIV-1-infected patients, naive from HAART, were randomly assigned to HAART with dietary intervention (diet group, n = 43) or HAART without dietary intervention (control group, n = 40) for 12 months. Diet, according to the National Cholesterol Education Program, was given every 3 months. Before and after intervention, 24-h food records and lipid profile were obtained. Data were analyzed by intention to treat, using mixed-effects models. RESULTS: Diet resulted in reduction of percentage of fat intake (from 31 ± 7% to 21 ± 3% of calories), while controls presented no change in percentage of fat intake. Plasma cholesterol (from 151 ± 29 mg/dl to 190 ± 33 mg/dl) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (from 85 ± 24 mg/dl to 106 ± 31 mg/dl) increased in the control group and were unchanged in the diet group. Plasma triglycerides were reduced by diet (from 135 ± 67 mg/dl to 101 ± 42 mg/dl) and increased in the control group (from 134 ± 70 mg/dl to 160 ± 76 mg/dl). After 1-year follow-up, 21% of patients who received diet had lipid profile compatible with dyslipidemia compared with 68% (p < 0.001) of controls. CONCLUSIONS: Among HIV-1-positive individuals naive of previous treatment, diet prevents dyslipidemia associated with HAART. (Effect of Nutritional Intervention on the Lipid Profile of HIV-Positive Patients Who Start HAART: a Randomized Trial; NCT00429845).

Genetic polymorphisms in estrogen receptors and sexual dimorphism in fat redistribution in HIV-infected patients on HAART.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate genetic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in estrogen receptor-α (ERα) (ESR1, rs2234693, rs1801132, rs7757956 and rs2813544) and ERß (ESR2, rs3020450, rs7154455 and rs4986938) genes and relate them to the adverse effects lipodystrophy, dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome as well as to differences in their prevalence between sexes in HIV-infected individuals on HAART. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: Blood samples and anthropometric measurements were collected from 614 patients at reference services in the cities of Porto Alegre, Pelotas and Rio Grande in Brazil. The SNPs were genotyped by real-time PCR. RESULTS: The lipodystrophy subtype frequencies in patients of different sexes showed statistically significant differences; the atrophic pattern was more prevalent in men, and the hypertrophic pattern was more prevalent in women. Furthermore, metabolic syndrome prevalence was higher in women than in men. The ESR1 rs2813544 G-allele was associated with higher measurements of several anthropometric variables in women: BMI, total subcutaneous fat and subcutaneous fat of limbs. Additionally, patients who were AA homozygous for ESR2 rs3020450 presented an increased risk for developing lipoatrophy (prevalence ratio 1.37, 95% confidence interval 1.09-1.73, P = 0.007). CONCLUSION: Significant differences in lipodystrophy and metabolic syndrome prevalence were detected between sexes. Moreover, the ESR1 gene (rs2813544) presented significant sex-specific associations with anthropometric variables, and the ESR2 gene (rs3020450) was associated with an increased risk of developing lipoatrophy. Our results suggest that these genes are in part responsible for the sexual dimorphism in fat tissue redistribution and patterns of lipodystrophy.

Short communication: UGT1A1*28 variant allele is a predictor of severe hyperbilirubinemia in HIV-infected patients on HAART in southern Brazil.

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has increased the survival of HIV-infected patients. However, adverse effects play a major role in adherence to HAART. Some protease inhibitors (mainly atazanavir and indinavir) act as inhibitors of uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT1A1), the enzyme responsible for hepatic conjugation of bilirubin. Variations in the promoter region of the UGT1A1 gene (UGT1A1*28, rs8175347) can influence bilirubin plasma levels, modulating the susceptibility to hyperbilirubinemia. Aiming to analyze the association between UGT1A1*28 allele and hyperbilirubinemia in individuals exposed to HAART, we evaluated 375 HIV-positive individuals on antiretroviral therapy. Individuals carrying the UGT1A1*28 allele had a higher risk of developing severe hyperbilirubinemia [prevalence ratio (PR)=2.43, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08-5.45, p=0.032] as well as atazanavir users (PR=7.72, 95% CI=3.14-18.98, p<0.001). This is the first description of such an association in Brazilian HIV patients, which shows that in African-American and Euroamerican HAART users, the UGT1A1*28 allele also predisposes to severe hyperbilirubinemia, especially in those exposed to atazanavir.

The role of mannose-binding lectin gene polymorphisms in susceptibility to HIV-1 infection in Southern Brazilian patients.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the role of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) in the susceptibility to HIV-1 infection analyzing polymorphisms located at the MBL2 promoter and exon 1 regions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The prevalence of MBL2 variant alleles was investigated in 410 HIV-1-infected patients from the South Brazilian HIV cohort and in 345 unexposed uninfected healthy individuals. The promoter variants were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP) and exon 1 variants were analyzed by real-time PCR using a melting temperature assay and were confirmed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). MBL2 genotypic and allelic frequencies were compared between HIV-1-infected patients and controls using the chi-squared tests. RESULTS: The analyses were performed subdividing the individuals according to their ethnic origin. Among Euro-derived individuals a higher frequency of the LX/LX genotype was observed in patients when compared to controls (P < 0.001). The haplotypic analysis also showed a higher frequency of the haplotypes associated with lower MBL levels among HIV-1-infected patients (P = 0.0001). Among Afro-derived individuals the frequencies of LY/LY and HY/HY genotypes were higher in patients when compared to controls (P = 0.009 and P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: An increased frequency of MBL2 genotypes associated with low MBL levels was observed in Euro-derived patients, suggesting a potential role for MBL in the susceptibility to HIV-1 infection in Euro-derived individuals.

Dyslipidemia in HIV-infected individuals

Metabolic complications continue to play a major role in the management of HIV infection. Dyslipidemia associated with HIV infection and with the use of combined antiretroviral therapy includes elevations in triglycerides, reduced high-density cholesterol, and variable increases in low-density and total cholesterol. The association between dyslipidemia and specific antiretroviral agents has been underscored. Multiple pathogenic mechanisms by which HIV and antiretroviral agents lead to dyslipidemia have been hypothesized, but they are still controversial. The potential clinical and pathological consequences of HIV-associated hyperlipidemia are not completely known, but several studies reported an increased risk of coronary artery disease in HIV-positive individuals receiving combined antiretroviral therapy. HIV-infected persons who have hyperlipidemia should be managed similarly to those without HIV infection in accordance with the National Cholesterol Education Program. Life style changes are the primary target. Statins and fibrates and/or modification in antiretroviral therapy are possible approaches to this problem.

SNPs in the APM1 gene promoter are associated with adiponectin levels in HIV-infected individuals receiving HAART.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the association between 4 polymorphisms in the leptin, leptin receptor, and adiponectin (APM1) genes and the occurrence of lipodystrophy and dyslipidemia in HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Genotypes of 410 HIV-infected patients on HAART were investigated. Anthropometric (weight, height, waist circumference and skinfolds thickness) and biochemical (blood lipids, glucose, leptin, and adiponectin levels) parameters were evaluated. Genotype frequencies were compared between patients with or without lipodystrophy. Mean biochemical and anthropometric parameters were compared between the different genotypes. RESULTS: Lipodystrophy prevalence was 53.4%. Genotype frequencies were not different between patients with or without lipodystrophy. Carriers of the A allele for the APM1-11391 G.A and of the C allele for APM1-11377 C.G presented higher adiponectin levels compared to other genotypes, and carriers of the -11391A-11377C haplotype when compared with carriers of other haplotypes. CONCLUSIONS: SNPs in APM1 gene are associated with adiponectin levels in HIV-infected patients receiving HAART and may thus affect the occurrence of metabolic alterations in these patients. No influence of the leptin and leptin receptor gene polymorphisms on the occurrence of lipodystrophy and dyslipidemia was observed.

Dyslipidemia in HIV-infected individuals.

Metabolic complications continue to play a major role in the management of HIV infection. Dyslipidemia associated with HIV infection and with the use of combined antiretroviral therapy includes elevations in triglycerides, reduced high-density cholesterol, and variable increases in low-density and total cholesterol. The association between dyslipidemia and specific antiretroviral agents has been underscored. Multiple pathogenic mechanisms by which HIV and antiretroviral agents lead to dyslipidemia have been hypothesized, but they are still controversial. The potential clinical and pathological consequences of HIV-associated hyperlipidemia are not completely known, but several studies reported an increased risk of coronary artery disease in HIV-positive individuals receiving combined antiretroviral therapy. HIV-infected persons who have hyperlipidemia should be managed similarly to those without HIV infection in accordance with the National Cholesterol Education Program. Life style changes are the primary target. Statins and fibrates and/or modification in antiretroviral therapy are possible approaches to this problem.

Desenvolvimento de um instrumento de triagem nutricional para avaliação do risco de desnutrição na admissão hospitalar / Development of a nutritional screening tool for assessing the risk of malnutrition at admission / Desarrollo de una herramienta de cribado nutricional para evaluar el riesgo de malnutrición al ingreso

A má nutrição hospitalar é uma realidade que engloba diversos fatores de risco, salientando a própria doença e seu tratamento. A triagem para avaliação de risco nutricional na admissão hospitar auxilia na identificação de quais pacientes estão em risco nutricional e quais são os principais fatores envolvidos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi desenvolver um instrumento de triagem para avaliação do risco de má-nutrição, para ser utilizado em pacientes na admissão hospitalar. Foram avaliados 7934 pacientes durante a anamnese nutricional na admissão hospitalar por meio de um instrumento composto por 15 itens, relacionados à alteração ponderal; alterações gastrointestinais; hipertermia; inapetência alimentar, capacidade funcional alterada; necessidades dietoterápicas específicas; idade e índice de massa corporal (IMC). Escores distintos foram atribuídos em cada fator considerado na triagem nutricional para salientar condições de maior risco nutricional. Os pacientes foram classificados em quatro níveis de risco nutricional: sem risco, baixo, moderado e alto risco nutricional. Dos pacientes avaliados, 50,9% foram do sexo feminino, com idade média de 62,5 mais ou menos 18 anos, IMC de 26,4 mais ou menos 5kg/m² e tempo médio de permanência hospitalar de 8 mais ou menos 13 dias. Observou-se que 11,9% dos pacientes não apresentaram risco nutricional; 40,9% baixo risco; 36,5% risco moderado e 10,6% alto risco nutricional. A triagem para avaliação de risco na admissão hospitalar, possibilitou coletar informações necessárias, para criar um plano nutricional e monitorar a adequação da terapia nutricional e da evolução do paciente, durante o período de internação.

Malnutrition in hospitals is a reality that encompasses several risk factors, highlighting the disease itself and its treatment. Screening for nutritional risk assessment on admission hospital helps to identify which patients are at nutritional risk and what are the main factors involved. The aim of this study was to develop a screening instrument for assessing the risk of malnutrition, for use in patients at hospital admission. 7934 patients were assessed during anamnesis nutrition at hospital admission by using an instrument comprising 15 items related to weight change, gastrointestinal disorders, hyperthermia, inappetence food, functional ability changed; dietetics special needs, age and body mass index (BMI). Separate scores were assigned to each factor considered in the screening for nutritional stress conditions of greater nutritional risk. Patients were classified into four levels of nutritional risk: no risk, low, moderate and high nutritional risk. Among the patients, 50.9% were female, mean age 62.5 plus or minus 18 years, BMI of 26.4 plus or minus 5 kg/m² and mean hospital stay of 8 plus or minus 13 days. It was observed that 11.9% of patients had no nutritional risk, 40.9% low risk, moderate risk, 36.5% and 10.6% high nutritional risk. screening for risk evaluation at admission, allowed to collect necessary information to create a nutrition plan and monitor the adequacy of nutrition therapy and patient outcome during the hospitalization period.

La desnutrición en los hospitales es una realidad que abarca varios factores de riesgo, destacando la propia enfermedad y su tratamiento. Revisión para la evaluación del riesgo nutricional en hospitalr admisión ayuda a identificar qué pacientes están en riesgo nutricional y cuáles son los principales factores involucrados. El objetivo del presente estudio fue desarrollar un instrumento de evaluación para el riesgo de desnutrición, para su uso en pacientes con ingreso hospitalario. 7934 pacientes fueron evaluados durante la nutrición anamnesis al ingreso hospitalario a través de un instrumento que consta de 15 temas relacionados con el cambio en el peso corporal, trastornos gastrointestinales, hipertermia, inapetencia alimentaria, la capacidad funcional cambiado, las necesidades específicas de la dietética, la edad y el índice de masa corporal (IMC). Separa las puntuaciones fueron asignados a cada factor considerado en el cribado nutricional para poner de relieve las condiciones de mayor riesgo nutricional. Los pacientes fueron clasificados en cuatro niveles de riesgo nutricional: sin riesgo, bajo, de riesgo nutricional moderado y alto. Entre los pacientes, 50,9% eran mujeres, edad media 62,5 años más o menos 18, índice de masa corporal de 26,4 más o menos 5 kg/m² y medio de estancia hospitalaria de 8 más o menos 13 días . Se observó que el 11,9% de los pacientes no tenían riesgo nutricional, el 40,9% de bajo riesgo, riesgo moderado, el 36,5% y 10,6% alto riesgo nutricional. de revisión para la evaluación del riesgo al ingreso hospitalario, han permitido recopilar información necesaria para crear un plan de nutrición y seguimiento de la adecuación de la terapia de la nutrición y la evolución de los pacientes durante el período de hospitalización.

Síncope vasovagal e suplementação de sal: [revisão] / Vasovagal syncope and salt supplementation: [review]

Síncope é definida como uma perda súbita e breve da consciência e do tônus postural devido à hipoperfusão cerebral. A síncope vasovagal é a causa mais comum de síncope entre todas as etiologias. A incidência pode variar de 21 a 35%, acometendo geralmente pessoas jovens e saudáveis. A fisiopatologia da síncope vasovagal não está completamente esclarecida, contudo, pode ser explicada por vasodilatação e bradicardia reflexo-mediada. Estudos vêm sendo desenvolvidos na tentativa de se encontrar melhores formas de abordagem terapêutica para essa disautonomia, muitas vezes resistente aos tratamentos propostos. Agentes farmacológicos são utilizados, mas a eficácia é questionável e os efeitos adversos são comuns. Até o momento, dispõe-se de poucos estudos randomizados os quais envolvem, na maioria das vezes, pequeno número de pacientes. Medidas terapêuticas têm sido propostas para prevenção de recorrências, como orientações gerais não farmacológicas, reconhecimento dos pródromos e fatores desencadeantes, programas de treinamento fisico e postural, aumento da ingestão hídrica e de sal. Alguns achados sugerem que exista influência da suplementação de sal em parâmetros clínicos da síncope vasovagal. O mecanismo pelo qual a administração de sal previne a síncope não é bem conhecido, embora sua eficácia seja atribuída à expansão de volume extracelular. A suplementação de sal pode aumentar o peso corpóreo, o volume plasmático, a tolerância ortostática e a pressão arterial na posição ortostática. Entretanto, um subgrupo específico de pessoas nas quais os sintomas não são devidamente controlados necessita de intervenção farmacológica e não farmacologia. Em geral, obtêm-se bons resultados terapêuticos com mudanças nos hábitos alimentares e comportamentais.

Syncope is defined as a sudden and brief loss of consciousness and postural tonus due to cerebral hypoperfusion. Vasovagal syncope is the most common cause of syncope among all etiologies. The incidence may range from 21 to 35% and this condition usually affects young, healthy people. Its pathophysiology has not been elucidated yet, and it may due to vasodilation and reflex-mediated bradycardia. Some studies have been carried out as an attempt to find better therapeutic approaches for this dysautonomy which is often resistant to the treatments suggested. Pharmacological agents have been used, but the efficacy has not been fully proven and adverse effects are common. Currently, there are few randomized studies and most of them involve small samples. Therapeutic measures have been suggested to prevent relapses, including general non-pharmacological approaches such as recognizing the symptoms and the triggering factors, programs of physical and postural training, increase in the water and salt intake. Some findings suggest there is an influence of salt supplementation in the clinical parameters of vasovagal syncope. The mechanism that prevents syncope using salt administration has not been completely understood, although its efficacy is attributed to the expansion of the extracellular volume. Salt supplementation can increase body weight, plasma volume, orthostatic tolerance and blood pressure in the upright posture. However, a specific subgroup of people who presents with symptoms that are not appropriately controlled need intervention pharmacological and non pharmacology. In general, good therapeutic results are achieved with changes in diet and behavior.